Remember to

• download portal_mammals.sqlite.
• connect portal_mammals.sqlite to SQLite Manager.

Aggregation

• Aggregation lets us combine rows into groups based on their values and calculate combined values for each group.

SELECT AVG(weight)
FROM surveys;

• Other aggregation functions include MIN, MAX, SUM, and COUNT.

SELECT MIN(weight), MAX(weight), AVG(weight)
FROM surveys;

• We can use GROUP BY to calculate these values for different groups. For example, to get the min, max, and average weight for each species.

SELECT species_id, MIN(weight), MAX(weight), AVG(weight)
FROM surveys
GROUP BY species_id;

• We can group by multiple columns as well.

SELECT species_id, plot_id, MIN(weight), MAX(weight), AVG(weight)
FROM surveys
GROUP BY species_id, plot_id;

• Aggregation functions remove null values from the calculations.
• To count the number of individuals identified to species

SELECT species_id, plot_id, COUNT(species_id)
FROM surveys;

• To count the number of individuals trapped use

SELECT species_id, plot_id, COUNT(*)
FROM surveys;

• Using * counts any row with at least one non-null value
• We can name aggregated columns using as

SELECT species_id, plot_id, COUNT(*) as count
FROM surveys;

Do Exercise 7 - COUNT.

Filtering after aggregation

• To filter by an outcome of an aggregation use HAVING

SELECT species_id, plot_id, MIN(weight), MAX(weight), AVG(weight)
FROM surveys
GROUP BY species_id, plot_id
HAVING MIN(weight) IS NOT NULL;

• This works after aggregation, whereas WHERE works before aggregation

SELECT species_id, plot_id, MIN(weight), MAX(weight), AVG(weight)
FROM surveys
WHERE weight > 10
GROUP BY species_id, plot_id
HAVING MIN(weight) IS NOT NULL;

Only use grouped or aggregated fields in SELECT

• When using GROUP BY only fields that are in the GROUP BY clause or aggregated fields should be used in the SELECT

SELECT species_id, plot_id, MIN(weight), MAX(weight), AVG(weight)
FROM surveys
WHERE weight IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY species_id, plot_id;

• Using fields that aren’t grouped or aggregated give counter intuitive results.

SELECT species_id, plot_id, MIN(weight), MAX(weight), AVG(weight)
FROM surveys
WHERE weight IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY species_id;